Wireless Networking
Wireless networking connects devices across a local network by radio instead of a cable. You learn how Wi-Fi clients and access points share airtime, how coverage and interference shape performance, and how to secure and troubleshoot the connection.
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Intro
Wireless Networking
A wired link has a cable that contains the signal. A wireless link sends the signal through shared radio spectrum. That change affects nearly every design and troubleshooting decision.
Wireless networking lets phones, laptops, sensors, and other clients reach a local network without a cable. Most workplace wireless local area networks use IEEE 802.11 technology, commonly called Wi-Fi. An access point bridges client traffic into the rest of the network.
The useful mental model is a conversation in a shared room. A client and an access point take turns using a channel. Other devices may hear the same channel, and non-Wi-Fi equipment may add noise. Distance, walls, antenna behavior, interference, and competing clients all affect the conversation.
The path through a wireless network
A connection begins before an application sends data:
- An access point advertises a wireless network.
- A client discovers available networks and selects one.
- The client authenticates and associates with an access point.
- Security controls establish protected communication.
- The client obtains normal network configuration, such as an IP address.
- The access point forwards traffic between the wireless client and the distribution network.
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Sources
- https://www.ieee802.org/11/abt80211.html
Supports
- IEEE 802.11 as the working group for wireless local area networking standards
- 802.11 coverage of wireless LAN medium access control and physical layers
- Relationship between the base standard and amendments
- https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/153/final
Supports
- WLAN definition and radio communication within a limited area
- Client, access-point, and wireless-infrastructure security
- Security across design, deployment, maintenance, and monitoring
- Secure configuration and continuous monitoring rationale
- https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/9800/technical-reference/wireless-rf-reference-guide.html
Supports
- 2.4, 5, and 6 gigahertz band characteristics and constraints
- Channel width, overlap, reuse, and interference tradeoffs
- Half-duplex Wi-Fi and shared airtime
- Signal strength, noise, propagation, and client-access-point power balance
- Link-rate, capacity, and access-point placement considerations
- https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless/5500-series-wireless-controllers/116057-site-survey-guidelines-wlan-00.html
Supports
- Predeployment and postvalidation survey purposes
- Coverage as a function of signal, SNR, client, and application
- Signal, noise floor, SNR, overlap, and interference measurements
- Asymmetric coverage caused by access-point and client transmit differences
- Rogue-device, placement, and client-adapter validation
- https://www.wireshark.org/download/docs/faq.html
Supports
- Wireshark as a network protocol analyzer
- Raw 802.11 management and data-frame capture
- Monitor-mode and adapter, driver, and operating-system limitations
- https://github.com/sindresorhus/awesome
Supports
- Discovery path to curated networking and security lists
- https://github.com/oneplus-x/Awesome-Pentest
Supports
- Discovery of Wireshark as a protocol analyzer
- Discovery of Aircrack-ng and Kismet as wireless network tools
- https://www.wireshark.org/docs/wsug_html_chunked/ChapterCapture.html
Supports
- Capture from 802.11 hardware
- Live packet decoding, filtering, and capture-file operation
- Awesome-link rationale for Wireshark
- https://www.kismetwireless.net/docs/
Supports
- Passive capture and wireless device discovery
- Wi-Fi data sources, channel information, packet capture, logging, and alerts
- Awesome-link rationale for Kismet
- https://www.aircrack-ng.org/documentation.html
Supports
- Wireless auditing suite
- Monitor-mode, raw-frame capture, network graphing, and security-testing tools
- Awesome-link rationale for Aircrack-ng
